
# Copyright (c) Thalesians Ltd, 2019-2023. All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) Paul Alexander Bilokon, 2019-2023. All rights reserved.
# Author: Paul Alexander Bilokon <[email protected]>
# This version: 2.0 (2023.11.17)
# Previous versions: 1.0 (2019.01.28)
# Email: [email protected]


3 + 5

8


3 + 5

8


(2190 - 518) * 10

16720


a = 5


a + 3

8


a = 7


a + 3

10


a = a + 3

a

10


b = 5


a + b + 3

18


a = 7
a = a + 3
b = 5
a + b + 3

18


a = 10

a

10


2 + 2
3 + 7

10


print(2 + 2)
print(3 + 5)
3 + 4

4
8

7


a = 3
A = 5
a

3

A

5


3 + 5

8

8

8


type(8)

int


my_int = 8


type(my_int)

int


print(my_int, type(my_int))

8 <class 'int'>


type(3.57)

float


type(42.)

float


type(42)

int


float(42)

42.0


type(float(42))

float


int(3.57)

3


type(int(3.57))

int


import math


math.sqrt(3.57)

1.8894443627691184


4.5 + 2 * math.sqrt(3.57)

8.278888725538238


math.pi

3.141592653589793


x = 65


type(x)

int


x = 3.57


type(x)

float


my_str = 'foo'
print(my_str, type(my_str))

foo <class 'str'>


print('Hello, World!')

Hello, World!


len('Hello, World!')

13


'Hello, World!'[0]

'H'


'Hello, World!'[1]

'e'


'Hello, World!'[-1]

'!'


'Hello, World!'[3:7]

'lo, '


'Hello, World!'[3:7:2]

'l,'


'Hello, World!'[::2]

'Hlo ol!'


greet = 'Hello, World!'


greet[::2]

'Hlo ol!'


'first' + 'second'

'firstsecond'


separator = ', '
'first' + separator + 'second' + separator + 'third'

'first, second, third'


a = None


type(a)

NoneType


print(357)

357


print('Addition:', 5 + 3)
print('Subtraction:', 5 - 3)
print('Multiplication:', 5 * 3)
print('Division:', 5 / 3)
print('Exponentiataion:', 5**3)
print('Modulo:', 5 % 3)

Addition: 8
Subtraction: 2
Multiplication: 15
Division: 1.6666666666666667
Exponentiataion: 125
Modulo: 2


5 // 3

1


5.1 // 3.1

1.0


3 + 5

8


2. * x + 7.

14.14


print('Absolute value:', abs(-5))
print('Rounding:', round(3.56))
print('Maximum value:', max(3, 2, 8, 10, 2, 5))
print('Minimum value:', min(3, 2, 8, 10, 2, 5))

Absolute value: 5
Rounding: 4
Maximum value: 10
Minimum value: 2


radius = 5.
area = math.pi * radius * radius
print(area)

78.53981633974483


def area_of_circle(radius):
    area = math.pi * radius * radius
    return area


area_of_circle(5.)

78.53981633974483


r = 7.5
area_of_circle(r)

176.71458676442586


def area_of_triangle(base, height):
    print('Base:', base)
    print('Height:', height)
    area = .5 * base * height
    return area

area_of_triangle(3., 5.)

Base: 3.0
Height: 5.0

7.5


area_of_triangle(3., 5.)

Base: 3.0
Height: 5.0

7.5


area_of_triangle(height=5., base=3.)

Base: 3.0
Height: 5.0

7.5


def area_of_triangle(base, height=5.):
    return .5 * base * height


area_of_triangle(3., 5.)

7.5


area_of_triangle(3.)

7.5


type(area_of_triangle)

function


def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

def result_printer(op, x, y):
    print('The result is', op(x, y))
    
result_printer(add, 3, 5)
result_printer(multiply, 3, 5)

The result is 8
The result is 15


math.sqrt(9.)

3.0


my_bool = True
print(my_bool, type(my_bool))

True <class 'bool'>


my_bool = False
print(my_bool, type(my_bool))

False <class 'bool'>


x = 10


x < 10

False


type(x < 10)

bool


x < 10

False


x <= 10

True


x == 10

True


x >= 10

True


x > 10

False


x <= 10 and x % 2 == 1

False


x <= 10 or x % 2 == 1

True


all([x > 1, 5 <= x, 5 > 3, 7 != 1])

True


x > 1 and 5 <= x and 5 > 3 and 7 != 1

True


all([x > 1, 5 <= x, x == 5, 5 > 3, 7 != 1])

False


x > 1 and 5 <= x and x == 5 and 5 > 3 and 7 != 1

False


any([x > 1, 5 <= x, x == 5, 5 > 3, 7 != 1])

True


x > 1 or 5 <= x or x == 5 or 5 > 3 or 7 != 1

True


print(bool())
print(bool(''))
print(bool(' '))
print(bool(0))
print(bool(0.))
print(bool(1))
print(bool(1.5))
print(bool(None))

False
False
True
False
False
True
True
False


if x <= 7:
    print('x is less than or equal to seven')
else:
    print('x is greater than seven')

x is greater than seven


if x <= 7:
    print('x is less than or equal to seven')


if x <= 7:
    print('x is less than or equal to seven')
elif x <= 10:
    print('x is greater than seven but less than or equal to ten')
elif x <= 15:
    print('x is greater than ten but less than or equal to fifteen')
else:
    print('x is greater than fifteen')

x is greater than seven but less than or equal to ten


if x % 2 == 0:
    print('x is divisible by 2')
    if x % 5 == 0:
        print('x is divisible by 2 and 5')
elif x % 5 == 0:
    print('x is divisible by 5 but not 2')
else:
    print('x is divisible by neither 2 nor 5')

x is divisible by 2
x is divisible by 2 and 5


if x is None:
    print('x is None')
else:
    print('x is not None')

x is not None


my_list = [1, 5, 6, 3]
print(my_list, type(my_list))

[1, 5, 6, 3] <class 'list'>


my_list = [3, "hello world", True, None, 3, math.pi]
print(my_list)

[3, 'hello world', True, None, 3, 3.141592653589793]


len(my_list)

6


print(my_list[0])
print(my_list[1])
print(my_list[3])
print(my_list[2])
print(my_list[4])

3
hello world
None
True
3


print(my_list[-1])
print(my_list[-2])
print(my_list[-3])
print(my_list[-4])

3.141592653589793
3
None
True


my_list[-1] = 4
print(my_list)

[3, 'hello world', True, None, 3, 4]


my_list = ['problems','worthy','of','attack','prove','their','worth','by','fighting','back']
print(my_list[3:6])

['attack', 'prove', 'their']


print(my_list[3:])
print(my_list[:5])
print(my_list[:])

['attack', 'prove', 'their', 'worth', 'by', 'fighting', 'back']
['problems', 'worthy', 'of', 'attack', 'prove']
['problems', 'worthy', 'of', 'attack', 'prove', 'their', 'worth', 'by', 'fighting', 'back']


my_list[::2]

['problems', 'of', 'prove', 'worth', 'fighting']


my_list[::-1]

['back',
 'fighting',
 'by',
 'worth',
 'their',
 'prove',
 'attack',
 'of',
 'worthy',
 'problems']


my_list[2:10:3]

['of', 'their', 'fighting']


list(range(10))

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]


list(range(1,10,2))

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]


my_list = list(range(0,10))
my_list.append(25)
my_list.append(25)
print(my_list)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 25, 25]


my_list.remove(25)
my_list.remove(my_list[5])
print(my_list)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 25]


list(filter(lambda x: x > 5, my_list))

[6, 7, 8, 9, 25]


def my_func(x): return x > 5


list(map(lambda x: x*2, my_list))

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 50]


sorted(my_list, reverse=True)

[25, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]


my_list

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 25]


my_list.sort()


my_list

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 25]


a = [3, "hello world", True, None, 3, math.pi]
a = ['some', 'other', 'list']
a

['some', 'other', 'list']


a = [3, "hello world", True, None, 3, math.pi]
b = a

a

[3, 'hello world', True, None, 3, 3.141592653589793]

b

[3, 'hello world', True, None, 3, 3.141592653589793]


a[2] = False
a

[3, 'hello world', False, None, 3, 3.141592653589793]

b

[3, 'hello world', False, None, 3, 3.141592653589793]


def my_mean(arg):
    # This could be a long function, which, perhaps by mistake,
    # modifies arg:
    # ...
    arg[3] = 11.7
    # ...
    return sum(arg) / len(arg)


a = [4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4]


my_mean(a)

16.47

a

[4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 11.7, 25.4]


a = [4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4]
print(my_mean(a.copy()))
a

16.47

[4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4]


a = [4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4]
b = [4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4]
a == b

True


a is b

False


a = [4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4]
a = b
print(a == b)
print(a is b)

True
True


id(a)

1401550383104


id(b)

1401550383104


a = (4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4)
type(a)

tuple


a = tuple([4.25, 18.5, 22.5, 13.7, 25.4])
type(a)

tuple

(3)

3


(3,)

(3,)


a = (['one', 'two', 'three'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])


import copy
a_copy = copy.copy(a)


a_copy

(['one', 'two', 'three'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])


a_copy[0].append('four')


a_copy

(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

a

(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])


a_deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(a)

a

(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])


a_deep_copy

(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])


a_deep_copy[0].append('five')


a_deep_copy

(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

a

(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])


id(a[0])

1401549898496


id(a_deep_copy[0])

1401550384640


book = {
    'authors': 'Michael Berthold',
    'title': 'Intelligent Data Analysis',
    'publisher': 'Springer',
    'year': 2003
}


book = {
    'authors': ['Michael Berthold', 'David J. Hand'],
    'title': 'Intelligent Data Analysis',
    'publisher': 'Springer',
    'year': 2003
}


book['authors']

['Michael Berthold', 'David J. Hand']


my_dict = {1:'one',2:'two',3:'three'}
print(my_dict[1])
my_dict[4] = 'four'
print(my_dict)

one
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: 'four'}


my_dict = {
    'AAPL':[200,201,200.1,205],
    'GOOG':[700,750,640,720],
    'AMZN':[900,850,920,910]
}


my_dict

{'AAPL': [200, 201, 200.1, 205],
 'GOOG': [700, 750, 640, 720],
 'AMZN': [900, 850, 920, 910]}


my_dict['AMZN']

[900, 850, 920, 910]


s = {'red', 'green', 'blue', 'red', 'red', 'green', 'blue'}


s = set(['red', 'green', 'blue', 'red', 'red', 'green', 'blue'])

s

{'blue', 'green', 'red'}


len(s)

3


'green' in s

True


'purple' in s

False


s.add('cyan')
s

{'blue', 'cyan', 'green', 'red'}


{'red', 'green', 'blue', 'red', 'red', 'green', 'blue'}.union({'purple', 'green', 'yellow'})

{'blue', 'green', 'purple', 'red', 'yellow'}


{'red', 'green', 'blue', 'red', 'red', 'green', 'blue'}.intersection({'purple', 'green', 'yellow'})

{'green'}


{'red', 'green', 'blue', 'red', 'red', 'green', 'blue'}.difference({'purple', 'green', 'yellow'})

{'blue', 'red'}


a = True
while a:
    print('inside while loop')
    a = False

inside while loop


x = 0
while x < 10:
    print(x)
    x = x + 1

x

10


a = 0
while True:
    a += 1
    print(a)
    if a == 10:
        break


a = 0
for i in range(10):
    a += i
print(a)

45


list_of_words = ['problems', 'worthy', 'of', 'attack', 'prove', 'their', 'worth', 'by', 'fighting', 'back']


my_dict = {
    'AAPL':[200,201,200.1,205],
    'GOOG':[700,750,640,720],
    'AMZN':[900,850,920,910]
}


for k in my_dict:
    print(k)

AAPL
GOOG
AMZN


for key, value in my_dict.items():
    print(key, value[0])

AAPL 200
GOOG 700
AMZN 900


postcodes = ['E14 4AD', 'NW1 6AA', 'EC2N 2DB', 'EC4A 2BE', 'E14 5AB', 'EH1 3AB']


emails = [
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]'
]


emails = [
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]',
    '[email protected]'
]


names = [
    'Isaac Newton',
    'Gottfried Leibniz',
    'Isaac Newton',
    'Isaac Newton',
    'Andrey Kolmogorov',
    'Gottfried Leibniz',
    'Joseph Fourier',
    'Henri Lebesgue',
    'Andrey Kolmogorov',
    'Norbert Wiener',
    'Andrey Kolmogorov',
    'Paul Levy'
]
marks = [
    8.,
    9.,
    8.5,
    10.,
    9.,
    7.,
    8.5,
    10.,
    8.5,
    9.,
    10.,
    10.
]


temperatures = [25., 25.5, 27., None, 28., 28.5, None, None, 30., 29.5, 29.5, None, 28.]


def func(x): return -2. * x * x + 7. * x + 3.


def func(x, y):
    return -x * x - y * y + x * y - 3. * x + 5. * y + 5.


import datetime as dt


my_date = dt.date(2019, 8, 7)
my_date

datetime.date(2019, 8, 7)


my_time = dt.time(14, 3, 8, 357123)
my_time

datetime.time(14, 3, 8, 357123)


my_datetime = dt.datetime(2019, 8, 7, 14, 3, 8, 357123)
my_datetime

datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 7, 14, 3, 8, 357123)


my_timedelta = dt.timedelta(seconds=5)
my_timedelta

datetime.timedelta(seconds=5)


my_datetime.date()

datetime.date(2019, 8, 7)


my_datetime.time()

datetime.time(14, 3, 8, 357123)


my_datetime.year, my_datetime.month, my_datetime.day, \
my_datetime.hour, my_datetime.minute, my_datetime.second, my_datetime.microsecond

(2019, 8, 7, 14, 3, 8, 357123)


my_date.year, my_date.month, my_date.day

(2019, 8, 7)


my_time.hour, my_time.minute, my_time.second

(14, 3, 8)


dt.datetime.now()

datetime.datetime(2023, 11, 17, 12, 22, 32, 21999)


my_timedelta = dt.datetime(2019, 8, 7, 14, 9, 53, 357123) - dt.datetime(2019, 8, 7, 12)
my_timedelta

datetime.timedelta(seconds=7793, microseconds=357123)


my_timedelta.days, my_timedelta.seconds, my_timedelta.microseconds

(0, 7793, 357123)


my_timedelta.total_seconds()

7793.357123


my_timedelta = dt.date(2019, 8, 8) - dt.date(2019, 8, 7)
my_timedelta

datetime.timedelta(days=1)


my_timedelta.days, my_timedelta.seconds, my_timedelta.microseconds

(1, 0, 0)


my_timedelta.total_seconds()

86400.0


dt.datetime.strptime('2019.09.01', '%Y.%m.%d').date()

datetime.date(2019, 9, 1)


dt.datetime.strptime('01-09-2019', '%d-%m-%Y').date()

datetime.date(2019, 9, 1)


dt.datetime.strptime('20:46:35', "%H:%M:%S").time()

datetime.time(20, 46, 35)


dt.datetime.strptime('2019.09.01T20:46:35.123', "%Y.%m.%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")

datetime.datetime(2019, 9, 1, 20, 46, 35, 123000)


dt.datetime.strftime(dt.datetime(2019, 9, 1), '%Y.%m.%d')

'2019.09.01'


dt.datetime.strftime(dt.datetime(2019, 9, 1), '%d-%m-%Y')

'01-09-2019'


dt.datetime.strftime(dt.datetime(2019, 9, 1, 20, 46, 35, 123000), "%Y.%m.%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")

'2019.09.01T20:46:35.123000'

Without solutions

The fundamentals of the Python language and Jupyter notebooks¶

Motivation¶

Objectives¶

What are Python and Jupyter¶

Introduction to Jupyter¶

Cells¶

Exercise¶

Introduction to Python¶

Exercise¶

Variables¶

Exercise¶

Numerics¶

Exercise¶

Standard python libraries¶

Exercise¶

Dynamic typing¶

Strings¶

Exercise¶

None¶

Arithmetic expressions¶

Functions¶

Exercise¶

Booleans and logic¶

Control flow¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Data structures¶

Lists¶

Tuples¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Dictionaries¶

Dictionaries¶

Sets¶

Iteration¶

The while loop¶

The for loop¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Exercise¶

Temporal types¶

Parsing and formatting temporal data¶

Conclusion¶

Bibliography¶

The `while` loop¶

The `for` loop¶